The TOK exhibition. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. But what about the things that are about us? What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. a cause-effect relation. If it is not, it is subjective. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. This is known as the correspondence theory of truth. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. Technology is a seeing rather than a doing and its realm is truth not instrumentality, knowledge of Being rather than the manufacture of artifacts. A world-picture is only one constituent of a world-view. 194. It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. What is a value? Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. Your email address will not be published. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. One might view the current war on terrorism in this light and a fruitful Exhibition can result from determining how this may be the case. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. Can new knowledge change established. For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. TOK. . It is this that is the great paradigm shift of human being-in-the-world in the modern age and determines the actions that we choose to take and whom among us is sane or not. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. 15. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. Opinion is an orientation towards things as they would show themselves to a correct investigation and examination. For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. a description of the features of that knowledge, for it is through such knowledge that we believe we have truth. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. 33. that knowledge which technology has brought forward. Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. 22. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. The material tools required for the production of knowledge are secondary to the technological viewing that has allowed these tools to come into being. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs The first year TOK exhibition with written commentary and 3 objects Bookmark Download TOK Exhibition A Like it? This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. Join. What is a sufficient reason? Scientists do not conduct exact experiments to discover whether nature conforms to mathematical regularities; they do so because they presuppose a projection of nature as mathematical. In what and from where does our word values have its origins? While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. 13. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? These conditions and contexts determine the actions that we will take regarding decisions which we have to make within the everyday experiences of our lives. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Thoughtful connections can be made here. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. the Greek wordmathematical. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. These second-order claims are justified using the principle of sufficient reason which usually involves an examination of the nature of the knowledge that you are investigating and the nature of the tools that are used to produce or acquire such knowledge. At some point in the future you will become a member of a knowledge community within the multi-versities that are post-secondary education. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). They. 25. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. What counts as a good justification for a claim? New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. It becomes something subjective. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. How we come to understand lived experiences are especially important in the Group 3 subjects. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Finally, you should also include appropriate citations and references. . How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. the soul that is not prepared for it and does not possess genuine education. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. What has been determined that you should know if you wish to be a prosperous member of the society which holds that the kind of knowledge espoused is the most valuable to possess? It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. The a priori and its priority will be interpreted by you in accordance with your conception of the thinghood of the things or images you have chosen and your understanding of the being of beings or things in general. Experiment and experience were once contrasted with the medieval practice of examining authorities and previous opinions. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. 13. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. But if in our rendering, we are turning everything into objectness so as to seek its possibilities and potentials, from where will any recognition, responsibility or obligation arise? Correctness as free from contradiction and being consistent is called formal truth, not related to the content of beings in distinction from the material truth of content. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. 4. Can you explain it? In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. In doing this, you as a human being will understand yourself in terms of the possibilities open to you through your thinking. It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world? We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. 30. 21. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. the truth as unconcealment i.e what we have determined a thing or being to be in the first place. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. Deformity of the soul is characterized by the movement of the soul towards something which it has established as its aim, the scope in the soul where the aim is sighted, but the individual soul is inadequate to the aim; it is unfitted or not suitable to the aim such as seen in the play Macbeth once again. You are required to provide a good explanation of why you have chosen the objects/images for your Exhibition and to show a good explanation of how they are related. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. The author Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. 16. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. It must be that we feel that we have nothing to learn from the thinking that occurred before this time, or perhaps we feel that we already know the discussions that the great minds undertook regarding things in the past and that we can learn about them but not from them. It is an awareness or a familiarity with a subject be it theoretical or practical. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object the doctors knowledge is that of abetting what is true of nature in regard to the health of human beings. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. His speech is sophistry. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. The choice of the prompt is crucial for the outcome or product that you will produce or bring forth and hold forth upon. Infatuation is that love of the beauty which is in the eye of the beholder. That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. Modern technology employs modern science. 32. r/IBO. Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. As part of your education, empirical science is an experience in which you conduct experiments; by contrast, in literature or the arts you may be called upon to write an essay (an attempt, a test) based on personal experience or your experience of a text. What we call culture is derived from world-view. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. What is this? Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. 9. If one accepts the premises, one must also accept the conclusions that are drawn from them. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge? Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references).